COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent
clauses.
A complex sentence always has a subordinator
such asbecause, since, after, although,
or when (and many others) or a relative pronoun such as that, who,
or which.
In the
following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and
the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red.
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1.
When he handed in
his homework, he forgot to
give the teacher the last page.
2.
The teacher returned the
homework after she noticed the
error.
3.
The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.
4.
After they finished
studying, Juan and Maria went to
the movies
5.
Juan and Maria went to
the movies after they finished studying.
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When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as
sentences 1 and 4, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause.
When the independent clause begins the sentence with
subordinators in the middle as in sentences 2, 3, and 5, no comma is required.
If a comma is placed before the subordinators in sentences 2, 3, and 5, it is
wrong.
Note that sentences 4 and 5 are the same except sentence 4
begins with the dependent clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence 5
begins with the independent clause which contains no comma. The comma after the
dependent clause in sentence 4 is required, and experienced listeners of
English will often hear a slight pause there. In sentence 5,
however, there will be no pause when the independent clause begins the
sentence.
Complex Sentences /
Adjective Clauses
Finally,
sentences containing adjective clauses (or dependent clauses) are also complex
because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause. The
subjects, verbs, and subordinators are marked the same as in the previous
sentences, and in these sentences, the independent clauses are also underlined.
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1.
The woman who called
my mom sells cosmetics.
2.
The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf.
3.
The house which Abraham
Lincoln was born in is still
standing.
4.
The town where I grew up is in the United States.
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Adjective Clauses are studied in this site separately, but for
now it is important to know that sentences containing adjective clauses are
complex.
Reference
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